The effect of calcium consumption on cardiovascular diseases

calcium supplements have been widely used by older men and women. However, in little more than a decade, authoritative recommendations have changed from encouraging the widespread use of calcium supplements to stating that they should not be used for primary prevention of fractures. The researchers found that calcium supplements were significantly associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and coronary heart disease (CHD) in a meta-analysis of 28,935 participants, specifically in healthy postmenopausal women. In the subgroup meta-analysis, dietary calcium intake of 700–1000 mg per day or supplementary calcium intake of 1000 mg per day significantly increased the risk of CVD and CHD. There was no significant association between using calcium supplements and the risk of cerebrovascular disease. In the meta-analysis of calcium monotherapy, there was an interaction between dietary calcium intake and the risk of MI with calcium supplements when the cohort was divided by median dietary calcium intake. However, when the cohort was divided by quintile of dietary calcium intake, there was no interaction and the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) with calcium was similar in the groups with the lowest and highest calcium intake. In the meta-analysis of calcium monotherapy there was no interaction between dietary calcium intake and the risk of stroke or the composite cardiovascular endpoint in this meta-analysis and no interaction between dietary calcium intake and cardiovascular events in the Women’s Health Initiative CaD trial (WHI CaD). Therefore, the increased cardiovascular risk from calcium supplements appears to be independent of dietary calcium intake. The cause of the increased cardiovascular risk from calcium supplements remains unclear, but potential mechanisms have been extensively reviewed. The finding of increased cardiovascular risk from calcium supplements but not dietary calcium intake in most observational studies have led to the hypothesis that the rapid and sustained increases in serum calcium after ingestion of a calcium supplement may have a central role. also, elevated calcium concentrations after calcium supplementation may increase vascular calcification, which is considered as an established factor for CVD.